MATERIALS FOR TOEFL STRUCTURE

The structure section contains sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written English. These sentences include a variety of topics and give no particular advantage to individuals in any specific field of study.

a. Basic Sentences stucture

In general, there was no significant difference between the structure of English sentences with Indonesian, where a sentence is built upon four main components, namely

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Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)

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In the Indonesian language, we are familiar with this component + Subject + Verb + Object Specification

example:
We Studied grammar last week

We Studied + + grammar + last week

S + V + C + M

1. SUBJECT

• is the agent of the sentence in the active voice (an agent of a sentence in the active form)

• is thing / person that performs or responsible for the action of a sentence (object / person / company conducting or are responsible for an action in a sentence)

• normally precedes the verb (usually precedes the verb, or a verb after the subject there are usually * just wrote Kalee ...

example:
• I explain how to study English

The subject can be seen from the question who (whom) or what (what) which acts on a sentence.
2. VERB

Verb is the action of a sentence (action or actions in a sentence)

Verb phrase: auxilaries combination with the main verb (main verb)

example:
• I am learning English (am = auxilary, learning = main verb)

• My brother is very clever

• She has gone home (has = auxilary, gone = main verb)

• I have been waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting = main verb)

Every sentence must have a Verb

3. Complement

• Usually a noun (noun) or noun phrase (noun phrase)

• usually found after the verb in the active sentence

• complement to answer the question what (what) or who (Whom)

example:
• Sarijon bought a cake yesterday

o What did Sarijon buy yesterday? -> A cake.

Note: Each sentence should not have a complement.

4. MODIFIER

• Modifier describes the time (time), place (where), or the manner (how) of an action or actions

• The most common form of the modifier is a propositional phrase (group of words that begins with

a preposition and ends with a noun

o Preposition = on, out, under, behind, etc ...

• Modifier answer questions when (when), where (where), or how (how to)

example:
• John bought a book at a book fair

o Where did John buy a book? -> At a book fair

Example question:

1. _____ The Eiffel Tower Paris, France

a. landmarks

b. is a landmarked in

c. is a landmark in

d. is in a landmark

Answer
 1. The Eiffel Tower is a landmark in Paris, France, as it follows the rules of English sentence, a sentence must have a subject and verb, in this case, The Eiffel Tower, is a single subject that requires to be a singular, which is. And the sentence requires a complement to the needs of the Modifier place, Paris, so the landmark serves as a noun and can not be used in verb form 2 & 3 have been replaced by the role of verbs to be, is.

Parallel Structure

Parallelism means that the words used in a series or group that should have the same form as grammar. When we use words or phrases that are connected by a chain, then it must be the same shape as grammar. Consider the following example:

* Terry likes swimming and to dive. (False - not parallel)

* Terry likes swimming and diving. (True - parallel)

* Terry likes to swim and (to) dive. (True - parallel)

* I'm taking history, math, and chemical. (False - Chemical not a noun)

* I'm taking history, math, and chemistry

Sometimes the words are repeated as auxiliary verbs, can be removed in the next series.

* I have been to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower. (False - should be seen PBUH)

* I have been to Paris and have seen the Eiffel Tower. (True)

* I have been to Paris and seen the Eiffel Tower. (True and better than an example to 2)

* Is she coming to the party or go to a movie? (Wrong)

* Is she coming to the party or going to a movie? (True)

Example question

Identify and correct the mistakes in the parallel structure in the following sentences
1. I swept the yard, weeded the garden and .... the clothes.

a.   was washing

b. Wash

c. Washed

d. Washing

Answer
1. I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes, because the sentences using the simple past tense using third without Auxiliary verb, so the word verb wash should also use third without Auxiliary.

Comparative Adjectives

When talking about the two objects, we can compare and see the differences as well similarities between the two objects. Maybe it has the same thing on one side and the difference on the other side. To compare the difference between the two objects we use comparative adjectives. Comparison is only using comparative adjectives to compare between two objects only.

There are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:

1. Adding the suffix-er (short adjectives)

2. Adding more prefix (long adjectives)

Addition of a suffix rule for short adjectives:

- Generally only added adjective-er, for example: older, smaller, richer, etc.

- If the ending-e, just add r, for example: later, nicer, etc..

- If the ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant, the final consonant plus, then plus-er, for example: bigger, hotter, etc.

- If the ending-y, then y changed to i then added er, for example: happier, Earlier, busier, heavier, etc.

For long adjectives, the rule only adds more words only on adjectives, for example: expensive to be more expensive, more beautiful to be beautiful, and so on.

Some adjectives have irregular shapes, such as good - better, well (healthy) - better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.

Adjectives with two syllables can use-er or more: quiet - quieter / more quiet, clever - cleverer / more clever, narrow - narrower / more narrow, simple - Simpler / more simple.

Comparative adjectives are not only used to compare two different objects, but can also be used to compare the same object that points to itself, and the object is not to say, as one example sentence above: I want to have a more powerful computer.

Adjectives with one syllable

To make the comparative form of an adjective with one syllable, we add-er to the adjective, for example:

• slow – slower

• fast – faster

• tall – taller

• short – shorter

To make a comparison of an adjective with one syllable and ends with the letter-e, we simply add-r. Example:

• nice – nicer

• large – larger

If adjectives with one syllable ending with vowels and consonants, then we double the consonant. Example:

• - big – bigger

• hot – hotter

• thin – thinner

Adjectives with two syllables

If the adjective has two or more syllables, we add more before the adjective. Example:

• This book is more expensive than that book.

• This picture is more beautiful.

However, there are many exceptions to the rule of one / two syllables it.

Some words with 2 syllables have properties similar to words that have 1 syllable. Example:

• This is Easier – True

• This is more easy - not really

• This is Simpler – True

• This is more simple - not true

And some adjectives can use both comparative form. Example:

- Clever - cleverer - more clever: These are all correct

- Quiet - quieter - more quiet: These are all correct.

No exceptions can be learned through the rules, the best way to learn is to learn it one by one.

Example Problem:

1. The Nile river is ____ than the Amazon.

a. Longer

b. more long

c. Longest

d. Long

Answer
1. The Nile river is longer than the Amazon, due to the nature of the required sentence consists of only one syllable, and only comparing two objects.

Conditional Clauses

Conditional (sentence presupposition) explains that an activity contrary to other activities. The most common conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal Conditonal, sometimes called if-clauses. Real Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type I) which describes mengandai-if in accordance with the facts.

Unreal Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type II) which describes the supposition that no real or imagined. There is also a 3rd Conditional often called the Conditional Type III, is used as a regret that happened in the past and zero conditionals, used to express something that is definitely true.

Note: If the clause "if" is placed at the beginning of a sentence, we must use the "coma". Conversely, if the clause "if" is behind, then there should be no comma

Conditional or modality has 3 forms:

1. Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)

This assumption states that something might happen in the future or now, if the terms / certain conditions are met.

Type 1 Conditional formula:

+ Subject + If + subject + present simple modals (will, can, may, must) V1 (simple form)

example: If have money I will buy a new car

Simple If + Subject + ... + subject + present simple-present

example: If he has enough time, John usually walks to school.

If + Subject + ... + command simple present form
example: If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me!

2. Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2)

This assumption states something contrary to what exists or happens now.

+ If + subject + subject + simple past modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple Form)

example: If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
(I do not have time so I could not go)

He would tell you about it if he were here

(He would say if he were here, that because she's not here, he did not say / Because he is not here he does not tell you about it.)

* For the if-clause in this form only to be "were" is used for all subjects.

if the conditional type 2 can be removed is by using pattern inversion:

Were + subject + Adj / Noun + capital + subject (would, could, might) + V1

example: Were I John I would not forgive you.

(If only I was the john I will not forgive you, in fact I not john so I forgive you / I'm not John so I forgive you).

He could hug me, if he were here. (She may hug me, if he's here). The fact is: he can not hug me, Because, he is not here.

3. Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3)

This assumption states something contrary to what has happened (past).
Type 3 Conditional formula:

+ If + Subject + Past Perfect ... subject modals (would, could, might) have + V3
example:

1.      If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(If only we knew you were there, we had sent a letter to you;

which means that we do not send the letter because we do not know you're there / I did not know that you were there so I did not write you a letter.

2. He would tell you about it if he were here.

3. If he did not speak so quickly intervening, you could understand him.

Form inversion (without the "IF") for this pattern:

Had + subject + subject + V3 ... modals (would, could, might) have + V3
inverse sentence above when written into:

Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
without changing the meaning or significance.

Example Problem:

1. If it _____ so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside

a. Was

b. was not x

c. were not

d. had not

Answer:
1. 1. If it was not so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside, because the parent sentence using the V1, so this conditional sentence should use the type 2 and thus require simple past tenses.

Noun Clauses

Noun clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as a subject and an object sentences.

Noun clause can be preceded by:

• Question word or relative pronoun question either single word or phrase:

o Single question word (ie when, how, what, ect.).

o Question word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.

o Question word + infinitive.

• CONJUNCTION (i.e. Whether and if).

• That or the fact that.

So the pattern of the noun clause is:

Question word / conjunction / that + subject + verb + ...

A. Noun clauses beginning with the words Question

How to Address Questions in've discussed about the use of the word good in making the information asked questions and in making embedded questions. Embedded questions are noun clause. In this section are given additional examples to refresh your memory.

1. Single question words.

Example:
1. Where she is now is still unknown.

2. When they arrive is still uncertain.

3. I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Note: in this sentence, noun clause what you did last summer became the object of I know and I still know, and once combined with: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, a compound subject of the sentence.

Noun clause can be placed at the beginning of the sentence (as subject) or as an object. If you want to change the position of the subject noun clause object sentence into a sentence, it is usually necessary pronoun or a slight modification of the word. The above example becomes:

1. It is still unknown where she is now.

2. Do you know when they arrive?

3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Because the title of movies, noun clause what you did last summer does not need to be rotated position.
Note:
a) Clause question preceded by certain words (ie when, Whenever, where) can also function as an adverbial clause.

Example:
1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.

2. I went to where I and my ex-girlfriend had been last weekend.

3. Suddenly I get nausea Whenever I see his face. (Nausea = nausea / vomiting willing).

b). Clause is preceded by the words specific question (ie who, Whom, Whose + noun) can also function as an adjective clause. In this case, the question is actually a relative pronoun. Well, do not be too confused by the term. Important that you understand the pattern / structure of the sentence. But, if you are curious, please read the adjective clauses topic.

Example:
1. I think you Whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (I guess you (people) who pack Dodi were looking for earlier).

2. Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.

3. Rommy, Whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.

So, how to tell if the noun clause, adverbial clause, or adjective clause? The answer is simple. Noun clause can be replaced by the pronoun it, while the adverbial clause and adjective clause no. Noun clause answers the question what and who / Whom; adverbial clause answering questions when, where, how (including how much, how often, ect), and why. Adjective clause (ie in the form of an adjective clause) describes noun, and relative pronounnya (ie who, that, ect.) In Indonesian means "the".

Question words + ever / soever

Except how, at the end of question words can be added ever or soever Whenever = whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the same, ie only / no, stay combined with a question word in front of him. Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called a transition word meaning yet / even if it is) is not included in this category.

Example:

1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (We will accept / do whatever you want us to do).

2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (Melt = melt). Be careful: guy (pronounced gae) = men, while gay (read gei) = fag = fag.

3. She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (He has agreed to take him wherever he goes). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (in this case to, etc.) Is usually placed at the end of the sentence. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.

Question nouns + words

Question words + nouns are often used, among others: what time (time), what day (what day), what time (time), what kind (what kind), what type (what type), Whose + nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book, ect.), and so on.

Example:

1. I can not remember what day we will take the exam.

2. As long as I am faithful, she does not care what type of family I come from. (Faithful = loyal).

3. Do you know what time it is?

4. I do not know Whose car is parked in front of my house.

Question adjectives + words

+ Question words are frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long / long), how far (how much), how old (how old / Age), ect.

Example:

1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He did not even ask how long I had been waiting for him.

Question words + determiners

Determiners + Question words often used is: how many (how many) and how much (how many). Remember: how many followed by plural nouns, whereas how much followed by uncountable nouns.

Example:
1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?

2. How much will improve your English skills is determined by how hard you practice.

Question words + adverbs

+ Question words are frequently used adverbs are: how Often (how often), how many times (how many times) ect.

Example:
1. Often no matter how I practice, my English still sucks. (No matter how many times I practice, my english is bad). Suck (informal verb) = bad / not good; suck another meaning: suck.

2. I do not want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (Leave school early = absent).

Question words + infinitives

If the question words immediately followed by infinitives, the invinitives implies shouldatau can / could. Note that the subject after question words omitted.

Example:
1. She did not know what to do = She did not know what she should do. (He does not know what he should do).

2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.

3. We have not Decided when to go to the beach = We have not Decided when we should go to the beach.

4. Mary told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.

Noun clauses beginning with Whether / if

Whether can be followed by OR / NOT can not; meaning of the sentence is usually the same although the OR / NOT is not mentioned (it depends on the context of the sentence).

Example:
1. Whether I am not sure she is coming or not = I am not sure Whether or not she is coming = I am not sure Whether she is coming. (I'm not sure whether he will come or not).

2. We can not decide Whether we should go out or stay home. = We can not decide Whether to go or (to) stay home. Note, infinitives can also be used after Whether.
3. Whether I am not sure I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (I'm not sure if I should take some Economic Law after graduating from high school or later).

4. If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.

Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact that

Here, that means that, while the fact that means the fact that. Whereas, that in adjective clauses mean that.

Example:
1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2. It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4. It seems that it is going to rain soon.

Example Problem:

1. The teacher heard who answered the question. (C)

Analysis:

• The first sentence "The teacher heard" is true because the subject teacher and heard verbnya. The second sentence "Who answered the phoned" is also true because who serves as a subject and answered as verbnya. Who at the same time also serves as connetor.

• So the above sentence is correct.

2. I do not understand it went wrong. (I)

Analysis:
• The first sentence "I do not understand" is correct because I do not understand the subject and verb. The second sentence "it went wrong" is wrong because there is no connector at once subject.

• correct sentence should be: I do not understand what went wrong.What subject and also serves as a connector, while his went as a verb,

3. Of the three movies, I can not decide is the best roomates. (C)

Analysis:
• In the first sentence, I can not decide as Subject and as a verb. In the second sentence, roomates as well as the subject and the connector is a verb,

4. She did not remember who in her class. (I)

Analysis
• In the first sentence, as She did not remember the subject and the verb. Dikalimat second, who as a connector and also subject but no verbnya,

• ayng correct sentence should ................. who was in her class.

5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building. (I)
Analysis:

• The first sentence is correct because No one is subject and is is a verb, but the second sentence is wrong because there was and it did. Seharusnay did and it deleted and verb "happen" into the past tense "happened".

• So the correct sentence should be: ....... what happened in front of the building.

TOEFL STRUCTURE PROBLEM

1. When James arrived home after a hard day at work, ___________________

(A) His wife was sleeping

(B) His wife slept

(C) His wife has slept

(D) His wife has been sleeping

Answer: (A) His wife was sleeping

Grammar: Gerund

2. He entered a university _________________________

(A) When he had sixteen years

(B) When sixteen years were his age

(C) At the age of sixteen

(D) At age sixteen years old

Answer: (C) at the age of sixteen

Grammar: prepositions of time

3. _____________ He ​​looked forward to the new venture.

(A) Eagerly

(B) With great eagerness

(C) Eagernessly

(D) In ​​a state of increasing eagerness

Answer: (A) eagerly

Grammar: degrees of comparison

4. His university's program ______________ those of Harvard.

(A) Come second after

(B) Are second only to

(C) Are first except for

(D) Are in second place from

Answer: (B) Are Second only to

Grammar: present progressive tense

5. It was not until she arrived in class ______________ Realized she had forgotten her book.

(A) And she

(B) When she

(C) She

(D) That she

Answer: (D) that she

Grammar: Noun Clause

6. Those students do not like to read novels _______________ text books.

(A) In any case

(B) Forgetting about

(C) Leaving out the questions

(D) Much less

Answer: (D) much less

Grammar: clause of contrast

7. The jurors were told to _________________________

(A) Talk all they wanted

(B) Make lots of experiences

(C) Speak freely

(D) Much less

Answer: (C) speak freely

Grammar: degrees of comparison

8. _________________ The best car to buy is a Mercedes Benz.

(A) Because of its durability and economy

(B) Because it lasts a long time, and it is very economical

(C) Because of its durability and it is economical

(D) Because durably and economy wise it is better than all the others.

Answer: (A) Because of its durability and economy

Grammar: adverbial clause of Reason

9. With the passing of time and the encroachment of people, the habitat of gorillas______ To Decrease.

(A) Continuing

(B) Which continue

(C) Continues

(D) That it has continued

Answer: (C) continues

Grammar: simple present tense

10. Tony would have Studied medicine if he __________ to a medical school.

(A) Could be enter

(B) Had been Admitted

(C) Was Admitted

(D) Were Admitted

Answer: (B) had been Admitted

Grammar: Derivation

11. The more she worked, ________________

(A) The less she Achieved

(B) She did not Achieve enough

(C) She Achieved not enough

(D) She was Achieving less

Answer: (A) the less she Achieved

Grammar: Derivation

12. At the Seventh International Ballet Competitions, Fernando Bujones won the first gold medal ever _________ to a United States male dancer.

(A) To be awarded

(B) To awards

(C) That awards

(D) Should be awarding

Answer: (A) to be awarded

Grammar: infinitive

13. Despite being basically arboreal in nature, koalas ________ to inhabit a specific territory and range of some 30 square miles.

(A) Knowing

(B) Which know

(C) Are knowing

(D) Are known

Answer: (D) are known

Grammar: simple past tense

14. Plankton, ______, is the basic foodstuff for everything that lives in the ocean.

(A) Comprise minute both marine animals and plants

(B) Is the name given to minute marine animals and plants

(C) The collective name for minute marine animals and plants

(D) Minute Collectively marine animals and plants that

Answer: (C) the collective name for minute marine animals and plants

Grammar: Noun Modifier

15. Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, __,

And memorize lighthouse locations to prepare Themselves for any conditions they might encounter.

(A) Sailing directions are Studied

(B) Study the sailing directions

(C) To direct sailing studies

(D) direct sailing Studies

Answer: (B) Study the sailing studies

Sumber:

http://rama-14.blogspot.com/2013/06/materials-for-toefl-structure-materi.html

TOP TOEFL GRAMMAR STRATEGY ( Silvester Goridus Sukur)

Name   : Rifa ‘atul Makhmuda

NPM   : 29211006

Class    : 3EB24